HIV/AIDS in the United States

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You must score 70% or better to pass this course. Select one answer for each question by clicking the circle at the left of your choice. To change your selection, click a different circle. Do not skip any questions.

Test Question

1. Most of the people newly infected with HIV live in:

a. Southeastern United States.
b. Eastern Europe.
c. Southern Africa.
d. China.

Test Question

2. Of people in the United States who are infected with HIV, the CDC estimates what proportion to be unaware of their infection?

a. One-half
b. One-fourth
c. One-third
d. One-sixth

Test Question

3. Which group now constitutes the fastest growing HIV/AIDS population?

a. Men who have sex with men
b. Women
c. Female injection drug users
d. Children under the age of 15

Test Question

4. Which body fluids have been proven to transmit HIV infection?

a. Blood, semen, breast milk, and vaginal and cervical secretions
b. Saliva, tears, serous fluid, and vaginal secretions
c. Saliva and cervical secretions
d. Blood, semen, and tears

Test Question

5. HIV is not transmitted by casual contact. Casual contact includes which of the following?

a. Sexual intercourse
b. Sharing IV needles
c. Sharing a cell phone
d. Sexual touching

Test Question

6. Which of the following would most likely transmit an HIV infection?

a. Blood collected for transfusion
b. Used needles and syringes
c. Casual contact with an infected patient
d. A public toilet seat

Test Question

7. HIV-positive women and men co-infected with HPV have increased risk of which of the following:

a. Psoriasis and asthma
b. Gum disease and esophageal reflux
c. Gastroenteritis and diabetes
d. Cervical and anal cancers

Test Question

8. Which STD increases the risk for acquiring HIV infection by three-fold?

a. Syphilis
b. Gonorrhea
c. Genital herpes
d. Chlamydia

Test Question

9. A person who has unprotected sex with multiple partners is at great risk for exposure to HIV/AIDS. The CDC defines multiple sexual partners as:

a. More than one partner in a year.
b. More than 100 partners over your lifetime.
c. An average of 1 partner a month.
d. Six or more partners in a year.

Test Question

10. CDC recommends four principal strategies to decrease by half the annual number of new HIV infections. What is the key element in three of the four strategies recommended?

a. Promotion of abstinence
b. Widespread distribution of condoms
c. Increased voluntary testing
d. Production of educational videos

Test Question

11. Safer sex practices include:

a. Abstinence from high-risk sexual contact.
b. Monogamy for the female partner.
c. Use of latex condoms for all sexual intercourse.
d. Withdrawal of the penis before ejaculation.

Test Question

12. The correct use of condoms involves which one of the following?

a. Use a new latex condom for each new sexual partner.
b. Do not leave a space at the tip of the condom as a receptacle for semen.
c. When withdrawing the penis after ejaculation, hold onto the base of the condom to prevent slippage.
d. Condoms work just a well with a partly erect penis as with a fully erect penis.

Test Question

13. STD screening and treatment reduce the spread of HIV by:

a. Providing immunity to the HIV virus.
b. Improving the overall health of individuals in the community.
c. Improving compliance with safe sex practices.
d. Decreasing viral shedding and reducing the concentration of the virus.

Test Question

14. An exposure control plan requires that the employer:

a. Decrease the risk of exposure to infectious disease to zero.
b. Identify those tasks and procedures in which occupational exposure may occur.
c. In an exposure event, identify the individuals who have been exposed and report to the CDC database.
d. Fit all employees with full-body protective gear to respond to potential hazardous conditions.

Test Question

15. Employers who fail to comply with bloodborne pathogen training can expect:

a. Citations or other penalties.
b. Written warnings from the Department of Homeland Security.
c. Waivers from training if they have less than five employees.
d. Permission to do training every other year in hardship situations.

Test Question

16. Gloves should be worn in which situation?

a. From the moment you arrive until the moment you leave work
b. When working with blood, blood products, semen, vaginal secretions, and any other potentially contaminated body fluids
c. While doing paperwork and at interdepartmental meetings
d. When using the restroom

Test Question

17. After a needle stick with infected blood, the CDC recommends that postexposure prophylaxis (PEP) begin within:

a. 24 hours after exposure and no later than 7 days.
b. 48 hours after exposure and no later than 14 days.
c. 7 days after exposure and no later than 1 month.
d. 1 to 2 months after exposure and no later than 3 months.

Test Question

18. Source testing eliminates the need for testing the occupationally exposed individual.

a. True
b. False

Test Question

19. Immediately after needle stick exposure to the blood of a patient, a health worker should wash sticks and cuts with soap and water.

a. True
b. False

Test Question

20. Immediately after splashes to the nose, mouth, or skin with blood of a patient, a health worker should flush splashes with water and irrigate eyes with clean water, saline, or sterile irrigants.

a. True
b. False

Test Question

21. After taking immediate precautions, a healthcare worker should report the incident to staff who are responsible for managing exposures.

a. True
b. False

Test Question

22. What basic information about handling blood is important in the home setting?

a. It is safe to handle blood as long as the caregiver is related to the patient.
b. Everyone, even young children, need to understand that they should not put their bare hands in or on another person's blood.
c. In-home caregivers are rarely infected by bloodborne pathogens.
d. Waterless handwashing products are not appropriate for in-home use.

Test Question

23. At the end of a procedure, how should you remove your gloves?

a. Grip the wrist edges of gloves in your teeth and pull them off, being careful not to touch the outer surface of the gloves with your lips.
b. Pull at the tip of each finger until the gloves slip from your hand.
c. Grip the wrist edge and pull off gloves, inside out, one at a time, so the contaminated surfaces are on the inside.
d. Rub your hands together vigorously, then roll the open ends of the gloves toward the fingertips.

Test Question

24. Which one of the following is true about good handwashing technique?

a. Waterless handwashing products can be used instead of handwashing.
b. Bar soap is preferable because it lathers best.
c. Scrubbing the hands and fingers causes germs to become embedded in the skin.
d. Use soap, warm water, and friction, scrubbing the top, back, and all sides of the fingers.

Test Question

25. Household bleach (5.25%) can be used as a disinfectant. What dilution is recommended?

a. No dilution, use full strength
b. 1 part bleach to 1 part water
c. 1 part bleach to 10 parts household ammonia
d. 1 part bleach to 10 parts water

Test Question

26. Soda cans can be used to recycle discarded syringes or needles.

a. True
b. False

Test Question

27. An informed consent for HIV testing:

a. Is the same as a general consent, which allows a blood draw for unspecified tests.
b. Lets the testing facility use the blood sample for research.
c. Lets the results become public via a database with names and addresses of those who test positive.
d. Should contain information about the disease, modes of transmission, meaning of test results, HIV infection reporting, and the availability of anonymous testing sites.

Test Question

28. Why are children at higher risk for HIV transmission resulting from sexual assault?

a. Children become infected more easily because they have immature immune systems.
b. Child sexual abuse is often associated with multiple episodes of assault and may result in mucosal trauma.
c. People who abuse children are more likely to have STDs and be HIV-positive.
d. The assault may not be reported early enough to give the vaccine for prevention.

Test Question

29. Which HIV test is used to confirm a positive result from another test?

a. Western Blot test
b. Rapid HIV test
c. Oral Fluid HIV test
d. Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (EIA)

Test Question

30. Which one of the following statements about HIV testing is true?

a. There are rapid HIV tests that can use urine as a sample for testing.
b. All reactive (positive) rapid HIV tests require confirmatory testing.
c. If test results are negative after recent sexual activity with an HIV-positive person, there is no need for retesting.
d. All rapid tests can be performed outside a clinical laboratory.

Test Question

31. If the confirmatory test result is negative, which one of the following statements is likely true?

a. The person is not infected with the virus.
b. The person is infected with HIV but will not develop full-blown AIDS.
c. The person should not be concerned about recent risky sexual behavior.
d. The person is probably immune to the HIV virus.

Test Question

32. People receiving indeterminate HIV test results should retest using a blood specimen collected four weeks after the initial test.

a. True
b. False

Test Question

33. When is the HIV viral load test done?

a. When a person is concerned about exposure from unprotected sex
b. When a healthcare worker has had an occupational exposure
c. When a person has a positive result from the Western Blot test
d. When it is necessary to measure the effectiveness of the antiretroviral medications used to treat HIV infection

Test Question

34. By law, you must make a good-faith attempt to notify the spouse of an HIV-infected individual. A spouse is defined as a person in a marriage relationship with the infected person for up to:

a. 10 years prior to the HIV test.
b. 15 years prior to the HIV test.
c. 20 years prior to the HIV test.
d. 30 years prior to the HIV test.

Test Question

35. Which condition is not known to affect the disease progression of HIV/AIDS?

a. Age
b. Drug use
c. Co-infection with hepatitis A (HAV)
d. Smoking

Test Question

36. Which one of the following is true about the stages of HIV/AIDS?

a. Seroconversion is the time period from infection to the production of antibodies detectable on an HIV test.
b. Seroconversion is a variable time period, sometimes as long as 10 years.
c. Acute HIV infection occurs after seroconversion.
d. Symptomatic HIV infection is equivalent to full-blown AIDS.

Test Question

37. Preventive strategies are recommended even if both sexual partners are HIV-positive.

a. True
b. False

Test Question

38. The most common STD among women is:

a. Gonorrhea
b. Syphilis
c. Trichomoniasis
d. Chlamydia

Test Question

39. The most common and most deadly co-infection for HIV-positive individuals is:

a. Syphilis.
b. Tuberculosis (TB).
c. Chlamydia.
d. Hepatitis B (HBV).

Test Question

40. HBV vaccine must be given before exposure occurs because it can prevent the following complications of the disease:

a. Chronic liver disease and liver cancer
b. HCV and diabetes
c. HAV and respiratory disease
d. Stomach cancer and kidney failure

Test Question

41. Which statement is true about persons infected with both HIV and HCV?

a. Fifty percent of HIV-positive people in the United States are also infected with HCV.
b. Co-infected patients are not at risk for hepatitis A or B infection.
c. HCV-related liver disease is one of the leading causes of hospitalization and death among those infected with HIV.
d. HAART is not toxic to the liver and has decreased the incidence of HCV.

Test Question

42. HIV-infected women have a higher prevalence of infection by which virus that is known to cause cervical cancer?

a. Candidiasis
b. Herpes simplex virus (HSV)
c. Cytomegalovirus (CMV)
d. Human papillomavirus (HPV)

Test Question

43. Violation of confidentiality laws is:

a. Investigated by the Department of Homeland Security.
b. A misdemeanor and may result in civil liability.
c. A felony that may result in prison time or large fines.
d. Not a concern with HIV because the public has a right to know who has HIV/AIDS.

Test Question

44. People with HIV/AIDS who believe they are being discriminated against on the basis of their disease may file a complaint with what agency?

a. Office of Homeland Security
b. Office for Civil Rights (OCR), U.S. Department of Health and Human Services
c. Office for Human Civil Rights, Washington
d. Local district attorney's office

Test Question

45. Symptoms of depression include which one of the following?

a. Hyperactivity
b. Feelings of worthlessness or excessive guilt
c. Excessive interest in sex
d. Hallucinations and euphoria

Test Question

46. Complicated, or chronic, grief is:

a. An exaggeration of the normal process of grieving that makes it difficult for an individual to move on.
b. A new phenomenon found only in HIV/AIDS caregivers.
c. Found only in caregivers of children with HIV/AIDS.
d. A normal step in the grieving process.

Test Question

47. Which statement is true about injection-drug use (IDU) and HIV/AIDS?

a. Injection-drug use is unrelated to poverty, low self-esteem, and depression.
b. The complex regimens associated with IDU are easily handled with sufficient money.
c. Drug users who would like to stop often lack access to treatment facilities.
d. Syringe exchange programs are widely accepted.

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