1. Trauma can be defined as:

• a. Anything a person declares to be upsetting.
• b. The direct personal experience of threatened injury or death.
• c. Any stressful event that happened in the past.
• d. Distressing events of any intensity in a person's life.

2. Traumatic events can be divided into:

• a. Natural disasters and military or police actions.
• b. Explosions, fires, and physical assaults.
• c. Widespread disasters and interpersonal terrors.
• d. Torture and being held hostage.

3. Childhood sexual abuse is classified as a traumatic event:

• a. When the child also has been physically abused.
• b. Depending on the circumstances of the case.
• c. Only when the abuse included neglect and physical assault.
• d. Even when there was no violence, abandonment, or neglect.

4. Revictimization refers to:

• a. A greater risk of victims for further interpersonal trauma.
• b. Repeated beatings of children by their parents.
• c. Complex symptoms manifested by some survivors.
• d. A treatment strategy used by some trauma-focused clinicians.

5. Risk factors for PTSD:

• a. Cannot be identified or quantified.
• b. Have little to do with the development of the disorder.
• c. Include victim, trauma, and resource variables.
• d. Predict recovery time needed for survivors.

6. According to Selye, stressors are:

• a. The rate of wear and tear on the body.
• b. Homeostatic mechanisms of the body.
• c. Sympathetic nervous system adaptors.
• d. The causative agents of stress.

7. If a brain is healthy and a person is fully conscious during the experience of trauma, the likelihood that the person will forget the event is:

• a. 0%
• b. 25%
• c. 50%
• d. 100%

8. Forgetting:

• a. Requires encoding in the parietal lobes.
• b. Occurs because we do not perceive or encode data.
• c. Is an abnormal response to life's experiences.
• d. Involves elaborate encoding in the prefrontal lobes.

9. Emotions act on memory at what point(s) in the memory cycle?

• a. Perceiving.
• b. Encoding.
• c. Perceiving as well as encoding.
• d. Perceiving, encoding, and retrieving.

10. The primary emotion that plays such a prominent role in trauma and its sequel is:

• a. Anger.
• b. Disgust.
• c. Fear.
• d. Sadness.

11. Anxiety can be described as:

• a. Free floating fear.
• b. Hidden rejection.
• c. Reintegration's worst friend.
• d. Exploration in action.

12. All of the following characteristics are found in people suffering from PTSD. Select the one that is not a criteria for the disorder.

• a. Traumatic event is re-experienced over and over.
• b. Ongoing avoidance of stimuli associated with trauma.
• c. Persistent symptoms of increased arousal.
• d. Duration of the disturbance is less than one month.

13. The overarching goal of treatment for survivors of trauma is:

• a. Personal growth.
• b. Distress reduction.
• c. Reintegration.
• d. Counter-conditioning.

14. Survivors of trauma use avoidance strategies to:

• a. Trigger trauma-related memories.
• b. Cope with vivid, painful feelings.
• c. Expose themselves to negative emotions.
• d. Slow down the recovery process.

15. Grounding is used to:

• a. Keep clients focused on their pain.
• b. Change the subject to the therapeutic process.
• c. Relax and breathe deeply.
• d. Increase exposure to vivid memories.

16. Skills therapists teach survivors to help them regulate emotions include all but one of the following. Select the one that is not taught.

• a. Identify and discriminate between emotions.
• b. Identify and counter thoughts that trigger intrusive emotions.
• c. Avoid identifying triggers in the environment.
• d. Resist harmful tension-reducing behaviors.

17. The central goal of cognitive therapy is to:

• a. Assist clients to think through their assumptions and beliefs.
• b. Think about the responsibilities they have as adults.
• c. Analyze the techniques used by therapists.
• d. Take advantage of education about trauma.

18. Emotional processing includes the following sequential stages:

• a. Exposure, activation, avoidance, and reintegration.
• b. Exposure, disparity, counter-conditioning, and desensitization.
• c. Disparity, activation, conditioning, and desensitization.
• d. Exposure, activation, disparity, counter-conditioning, and desensitization.

19. Untreated survivors of severe childhood trauma are more likely to fall victim to multiple abuse because:

• a. Their education was seriously neglected.
• b. They have entrenched problems with personal identity and interpersonal functioning.
• c. They were undisciplined and rebellious children from birth.
• d. They suffered cognitive impairment and memory damage.

20. When medications are prescribed for survivors, clinicians assume responsibility to monitor:

• a. Use of alternative medications.
• b. Dosages of over-the-counter drugs.
• c. Symptom relief and overall health.
• d. Preventable infectious disorders.