1. HIV has two main types and various subtypes, which complicates efforts to find a vaccine to curb the African AIDS epidemic because:

• a. These subtypes might evolve into viruses that have nothing to do with HIV.
• b. Vaccine developers target subtypes common in Western Europe and the U.S. The vaccines they develop might not be effective with subtypes common in Africa.
• c. African subtypes are spreading through migrants to Europe.
• d. African subtypes are not known.

2. While the average incubation period for adults in the West is 10 to 12 years, in Africa it is:

• a. 3–4 years.
• b. 5–6 years.
• c. 7–8 years.
• d. 9–10 years.

3. The following factors increase the possibility of sexual transmission of AIDS in Africa:

• a. Sexually transmitted diseases and increased virulence of HIV.
• b. Presence of other untreated STDs and mutant Langerhans cells.
• c. Presence of other untreated STDs and lack of male circumcision.
• d. Poorly done male circumcisions and cultural rites of passage.

4. What best reduces the risk of mother-to-child infection with HIV?

• a. Administering antiretroviral drugs to the mother during labor and to the newborn.
• b. The mother covers her breasts with a thin rubber sheath during breastfeeding.
• c. The mother gets a single dose of ARV but not the child.
• d. The child gets a single dose of ARV but not the mother.

5. In some African countries hospital staff are offered what medical treatment to reduce the risk of HIV infection after contact with infected blood?

• a. President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR)
• b. Postpartum treatment (PPT)
• c. People Living with HIV and AIDS treatment (PLWHA)
• d. Postexposure prophylaxis (PEP)

6. HIV surveillance data in Africa are generally collected from pregnant women attending prenatal clinics because:

• a. Pregnant women fall in the age range with the highest risk of infection and HIV in Africa is transmitted mainly through heterosexual vaginal intercourse.
• b. Pregnant women are the largest group of people attending clinics and hospitals.
• c. Pregnant women need to be given antiretroviral treatment to protect their unborn infants.
• d. Pregnant women are likely to be infected with HIV in many African countries.

7. In some African countries, the average life expectancy has declined by over half because of the AIDS epidemic.

• a. True
• b. False

8. Why is the HIV infection rate of women in Africa higher than that of males?

• a. Women live longer than men, and are thus exposed to the risk for a longer period.
• b. A cultural understanding encourages women to be submissive to males.
• c. Women in Africa tend to have more frequent sex than males in Africa.
• d. Women in Africa become infected while caring for their infected children.

9. What is dry sex?

• a. Both partners refrain from drinking alcohol before and after sex.
• b. Sexual partners avoid vaginal penetration and just engage in petting and kissing.
• c. Body liquids are dried up after sexual intercourse.
• d. Substances are used before sexual intercourse to dry the vagina.

10. What is the main problem with local interpretations of HIV/AIDS in terms of witchcraft or conspiracy theories?

• a. People ignore the sexual transmission of HIV but search for human evildoers instead.
• b. Witches and conspirators know many ways of harming others and AIDS is just one of them.
• c. Witches and conspirators do not exist.
• d. People lack education.

11. What is the advantage of the ABC approach for preventing new HIV infections?

• a. It recognizes the need for complementary interventions.
• b. It highlights the prominent role of Condoms in AIDS prevention.
• c. It indicates that Abstinence-based interventions are a failure.
• d. It includes the crucial element of Bathing after sex.

12. Though virginity testing is highly problematic, it may have what short-term benefit?

• a. Conferring social respectability on the investigators.
• b. Delaying sexual activity.
• c. Providing a physical health check.
• d. Concurrent testing for HIV.

13. In Africa, confidentiality needs to be redefined as "shared confidentiality." This means that:

• a. Family members and others concerned with the welfare of the community are integrated into the testing and counseling process.
• b. Peer groups of HIV-positive individuals are consulted when an individual is tested for HIV.
• c. The health workers need to know so as to decide what type of testing is appropriate.
• d. An ethical advisory board screens the individuals before testing.

14. What is TRIPS?

• a. Trade Rights for Indigenous Property Sites
• b. The Right of Indigenous People to Self-Governance
• c. Truth and Reconciliation Inquiry into Prophylaxis Sources
• d. Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights

15. Faith-based organizations in Africa have an ambiguous role in preventing new HIV infections, but they need to be integrated into these programs because:

• a. They have extensive networks of volunteers that enjoy great credibility.
• b. Their focus in AIDS prevention is abstinence and marital fidelity.
• c. They have access to overseas funding.
• d. They encourage large families.

16. What is the appropriate response to the rise in the number of orphans in Africa?

• a. Easing the legal process of overseas adoption.
• b. Strengthening the extended African families to keep the children at home.
• c. Giving children the right to inherit the property of their deceased parents.
• d. Building orphanages even in remote areas.

17. The leading co-infection that is the cause of death for AIDS sufferers in Africa is:

• a. Diarrhea.
• b. Tuberculosis.
• c. Gonorrhea.
• d. Hepatitis.

18. What is the social context that fosters the spread of AIDS, and indeed is increased by it?

• a. Illiteracy
• b. Social welfare
• c. Poverty
• d. Globalization